No.	Keyword(s)	Referring to:
1.	Computer Generations	1st generation (1940 – 1956) Huge, slow, expensive, unreliable Presper Eckert & William Maunchly built ENIAC (use vacuum tube) Problem with vacuum tube – generates great deal of heat, burns out frequently  2nd generation (1956 – 1963) Uses transistors which were smaller than vacuum tubes, no need warm up time, consumed less energy, generate less heat, faster and more reliable. Famous computer scientists: John Bardeen, Walter House Brattain, William Shockley 3rd generation (1964 – 1971) ·         IBM 370 series were introduced in 1964. Also CDC 7600 and B2500 ·         Development of Integrated circuit begins. ·         Use silicon chips – reliable, compact, cheaper ·         Hardware and software sold separately. ·         First 256 bit RAM were introduced and was the basis for development of 1K bit RAM. 4th generation (1971 – present) ·         Famous computer scientists: Steve Jobs (built the 1st Apple computer), Bill Gates, Michael Dell ·          Silicone chips, microprocessor, storage devices were invented. ·         Computer became 100 times smaller than ENIAC. ·         Gain in speed, reliability and storage capacity ·         Personal and software industry bloomed. 5th generation (Present – beyond) ·         Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) ·         New hardware technology was introduce: Silicone chips,Processor,Robotics,Virtual reality,Intelligent system,Programs which translate languages
2.	Positive impact of ICT on the society	The six positive impacts: Faster communication speed Lower communication cost Reliable mode of communication Effective sharing of information Paperless environment Borderless communication.
3.	Negative impact of ICT on the society	The two negative impacts: Social problems Health problems
4.	Why ethics and law in computing is needed?	Respecting ownership – not steal other people’s work either by duplicating or distributing Respecting privacy and confidentiality – refraining oneself from invading other’s privacy without permission. Respecting property – do not tamper and change electronic information.
5.	Intellectual property protection	Patent for inventions: utility, design, plant patent, (protect inventions and improvements) Trademark for brand identity: Words, names, symbols, devices, images (represent products, goods or services) Copyright for material : Literary and artistic material, music, films, sounds recording and road casts Design for product appearance: particular lines, contours, colour, shape, texture, ornamentations.
6.	Methods of authentications	authentications - a process where users verify their identity. 2 types: Biometric devices – a device that translate personal characteristic into digital code ·         Fingerprint recognition ·         Facial recognition ·         Hand geometry scanning ·         Iris scanning (the area near to the coloured area of the pupil) ·         Retinal scanning (the eyeball) ·         Voice recognition ·         Signature verification system. Callback system – checking system that authenticates the user. (Commonly used in the bank operation and business transaction.) When book the taxi service Operator call and call back for confirm the service required.
7.	Methods of verification	Verification - the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system with respect to a certain formal specification. 2 common methods: User identification – show passport, key-in user name & password, show exam slip. Processed object – swipe security card to enter building, police check the driver’s license to identify valid driver.
8.	Controversial content	Pornography – any form of media or material that depicts erotic behavior and is intended to cause sexual excitement. Slander – legal term for false and malicious statement.
9.	Internet filtering	3 common methods: Keyword blocking – uses a list of banned words to filter access to the site Website / site blocking – uses software to prevent access to any sites on the list Web rating system – browser gain access to a certain level of ratings
10.	Cyber law acts in Malaysia	Digital Signature Act 1997 – secures electronic communications especially on the internet. Computer Crimes Act 1997 – gives protection against misuse of computers and computer criminal activities. Telemedicine Act 1997 – Ensure only qualified medical practitioners can practice telemedicine. Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 – ensures that information is secure, network is reliable, and service is affordable all over Malaysia.
11.	Computer Crimes	Computer Fraud – intention to take advantage or causing loss (mainly monetarily basis) Copyright Infringement – involves illegal copy or reproduction of copyright material by black market group Computer Theft – unauthorized use of another person’s property Computer Attack – to disrupt the equipment of computer systems …
12.	Computer Security	Hardware Security – measure used to protect the computer hardware Software and Data Security – measure used to protect software and the loss of data files Network Security – measure used to protect the network system.
13.	Security Threat	Malicious code Virus – a program that can pass in the malicious code to other programs by modifying them Trojan Horse – a program which can perform useful and unexpected action Logic Bomb – that goes off when a specific condition occurs Trapdoor or Backdoor – a program that allows someone to access the program with privileges Worm – a program that copies and spreads itself through a network Hacker – unauthorised person who access (hack) into computer Natural and environmental threat – flood, fire, earthquake Theft – steal money, goods, information and resources.
14.	Security Measures	Data backup – a program of file duplication. It is necessary so that they can be recovered in case of an emergency Cryptography – process of hiding information by altering the actual information into different representation. Antivirus – program that protects a computer against viruses by identifying and removing any computer viruses found in the computer memory, storage or incoming email files. Anti-spyware – program used to remove spyware. Firewall – hardware or software which functions in a networked environment to prevent some communications forbidden by the security policies. Screening router Proxy gateway Guard Human aspect – refer to the user and also the intruder of a computer system. Organisation self awareness – aware of the people they work with Organisation user self awareness – provide employee with adequate training and importance of security and control Individual user self awareness – aware of software from unreliable sources. Do not expose important information to stranger.
15.	Security Procedures	Data Protection Backup files Detect virus and do cleanup Warn others on virus attack. Detecting illegal access to systems Tcpwrappers – control access at the application level rather than at socket level. Tripwire – detect and report on any changes in the thousands of strategic system files. Preventing illegal access to system Preventing illegal access to root Patch – small updates to software